Form Follows Phenomenon
Peter Cook, Island City. 2011-12. Work on paper.
Robin Sparkes November 5, 2024
Architects should draw more. Marking ideas across a page connects the mind and body. It mobilises psychological and motor functions in synchronicity. Hand-drawing activates areas in the brain responsible for spatial reasoning and visual perception, bringing an architect’s imagination into form through movement. In this way, each line becomes a cognitive exploration, organising space and activating intuition. Drawing is a method of representing and organising ideas, bridging thought with physical action. Drawing is a dance, moving the arm and hand in coordination with the mind is a method of "finding"— it is an act of discovery.
Everything starts with a plan. To begin designing a building, you need a plan. It is in the act of sketching by hand that the mental processes involved in acquiring understanding, memory, and problem-solving come to life. It encompasses how we process information, make decisions, and learn. The physical act of drawing plays a formative role in ideation. In architectural design, using our physical bodies to conceive ideas is a tool for intuitive spatial understanding.
Zaha Hadid, The Peak. 1983. Work on paper.
"I confront the city with my body; my legs measure the length of the arcade and the width of the square".¹ So says Juhani Pallasmaa. To exist in physical space is to become aware of our surroundings through sensory experiences—smell, touch, sound, sight—all of which shape our understanding of place. Drawing with our hands allows us to translate these sensory impressions into physical form, capturing and communicating how we perceive space. This act allows us to explore the relationship between the tangible and intangible. Through this tactile process of perception, we can visualise and interpret the way we experience and position ourselves within a spiritual space.
Zaha Hadid’s approach to Architecture was rooted in her drawings. In her formative years in Baghdad, she grew up writing Arabic calligraphy. The stroke of an alphabet composing words to communicate ideas as linguistic curves and lines across a page established her relationship to drawing. To draw is to communicate. After moving to London to Study at the Architectural Association, Zaha developed a method of communicating spatial perspective through her drawings. Her eye for line weights that developed in her formative years of writing calligraphy became her hand in expressing depth and perspective in her drawing and painting.
“When our brains choreograph the arm and hand to communicate our cognitive expression, we build a portal between our mind and space. We become an embodiment of space".”
Calligraphy characterised her architectural drawing, it emphasised the fluidity and dynamic forms that later emerged in her painting work. Plans and sections weren't enough to describe new thinking in architecture. Her sketches and paintings informed the approach to form and space but also led to the development of her distinctive architectural style— where she reimagined architectural enclosures as fluid. “I have always been interested”, said Hadid, “in the concept of fragmentation and with ideas of abstraction and explosion, deconstructing ideas of repetitiveness and mass production.’’²
André Masson. Automatic Drawing. 1924. Ink on paper.
In this sense, drawing becomes a kinesthetic act. Drawing invites uncertainty and allows chance to emerge, encouraging a dialogue with space and form that goes beyond predetermined calculations. Drawing architectural sketches as a means of starting an idea parallels the Surrealist art movement in the beginning of the 20th century. The Surrealist concept of automatic drawing, also known as automatism, was developed by André Masson, a French painter who was fascinated with the subconscious. Exploring themes of chaos, violence, and nature Masson developed "automatic drawing," a method of creating art by allowing the hand to move freely across the canvas without conscious control. These techniques reveal how free motion and fragmentation can invite unexpected ideas, with the subconscious playing a vital role in creative expression. In architectural design, this means introducing elements of indeterminacy, a concept explored in the 1960s Fluxus movement, where chance disrupts rigid planning, giving space for spontaneous ideas to emerge. Hand-drawn designs embody this philosophy, as the marks made reflect human touch and open possibilities in form and structure.
In the same way live music resonates differently from a recording, the fingers dancing across piano keys creates an experience that resonates deeply with those who inhabit it. Drawing with our hands allows architects to embody space through the process of defining their composition. As technology progresses, the design process becomes more automated and the body becomes more removed from the processes of making. When our brains choreograph the arm and hand to communicate our cognitive expression we build a portal between our mind and space. We become an embodiment of space through movement as a means of architectural drawing. This physical interaction embodies both the spiritual and spatial relationships, introducing an intuitive measure to the design process. When architects sketch, the choreography of the body moving through and experiencing space manifests a spatial intuition that translates the cognitive experience of being in space into a tangible perception. The way an architect's hand moves across the paper, the pressure applied, and the speed of gestures all contribute to the fluidity and emergence of space.
As we create by hand, we initiate a dialogue between mind, body, and the architecture itself. Through this dance, space begins to materialise, thought and movement merges, and abstract concepts become grounded. By sketching, we access the language of our subconscious. If we are present in time, then hand-drawing offers a means to manifest space—connecting the fluid continuum of our intentions with the permanence of form. In this interplay, space and time converge, shaping environments that hold both memory and potential. Einstein once said "matter tells spacetime how to curve, and curved spacetime tells matter how to move".³
We should all draw more.
¹The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses. Wiley, 2005.
²Zaha Hadid: Complete Works. Thames & Hudson, 2004.
³Relativity: The Special and General Theory. Translated by Robert W. Lawson, Methuen & Co., 1920.
Robin Sparkes, a is spatial designer, studying the kinesthetic experience of architecture. Her design, research, and writing practice traverses the relationship between the body, temporality, and the acoustics of space.
